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Jaina Path of Purification, by Padmanabh S. Jaini
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The religious tradition of the Jainas, unique in many respects, presents a fascinating array of doctrinal and social structures that stem from the anti-vedic movements of ancient times. Drawing extensively on primary sources, Professor Jaini provides a comprehensive introduction to the Jaina experience. Beginning with the Life of Mahavira the author elucidates the essentials of Jaina cosmology and philosophy as well as of the "path of purification" through which the soul may escape from its Karmic defilements and attain eternal salvation. This path constitutes the integral element within the broader frame-work of Jaina literature, lay ritual and the socio-historical factors, which enabled Jainism to survive and prosper to the present day. In particular, the author has examined the cardinal doctrine of ahimsa (non-harming), both in its impact upon Jaina religious consciousness and as a standard in applying its sacred principles to the conduct of every day life.
- Sales Rank: #809590 in Books
- Published on: 2014-11-04
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, 1.01 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 374 pages
About the Author
Padmanabh S. Jaini is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. Previously he has taught at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Most helpful customer reviews
15 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
An appealing study about Jainism
By saumilrs
For those of you, especially the "Jains" who have been asked to follow the religion blindly or rebel against it, this book provides a good insight into the religion. From personal experience, I can say that after reading the book I have started respecting the religion and its practices.
The most appealing part of the book is that you can look at the religion from a third person perspective without any bias. The author has done a thorough job of studying the religion and not advocating it. As an engineer with a scientific mind, this book is exactly the kind of insight I was hoping for into the religion. Thank you Dr. Jaini!
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Jaini’s scholarly work is a necessary text to add to one’s library on Jainism
By David C. Lane
The Jaina Path of Purification
Reviewed by Dr. Andrea Diem-Lane
In The Jaina Path of Purification by P.S. Jaini, Jain philosophy is discussed at length (from the idea of karmic matter as the cause of bondage in samsara, to anekantavda and ahimsa, to how to become awakened by removing ignorance and the qualities that transpire when accomplished) . Moreover, various practices, rituals and ceremonies of Jainism along with an exposition of its literature are highlighted. The fine points the author covers of these topics are indeed impressive. However, two specific areas of interest in this text really caught my attention. One was found at the end the book when the writer explained why Jainism was able to survive in India for the last two and a half millennia without being fully exported to new lands as Buddhism was or without being fully absorbed into Hinduism, despite sharing many commonalities.
Intriguingly, one important factor to account for this heterodox minority’s success in India was its ability to adapt to and compromise with Hinduism. Specifically, heroic characters of Hindu lore, such as Rama and Krishna, were worked into Jain literature. For example, Krishna is seen as the elder cousin on the 22 Jain Tirthankara, Nemi. Another point of inclusion that makes these two traditions simpatico is the acceptance of Jains marrying non-Jains and this usually meant Hindus. Marriage relationships between Hindus and Jains would explain a lot why they relate. Additionally, Jains, though they did not embrace the Hindu caste system believed to have been designed by cosmic order and established at birth, do promote the idea of “Jaina-brahmans,” those given special status due to their superior conduct. If one applies meme theory as espoused by Susan Blackmore in her book Meme Machine, memetic piggy-backing of already popular ideas can explain why Jains wanted to match their views to some degree to previously accepted societal ones.
Another consideration to account for Jainism’s success in India was how it was able to form an alliance with Indian kings. Hundreds of years of royal patronage meant well-endowed temples and local support. In fact, the Ganga dynasty that lasted 700 years in India was quite pro-Jain and one might even refer to this as a Golden Age of Jainism. With monarch approval and abutment, Jainism would undoubtedly prosper.
Jaini also points out that lay involvement with Jain mendicants further contributed to Jainism’s advantage. Unlike Buddhists monks who remain removed from laity, Jain laypersons are very involved with monastics, to the point that the Jain monk could not survive without their alms assistance. A symbiotic relationship (where the lay reaped merit or good karma for offering meals to them and the monks in turn could eat without farming or cooking meals themselves) was an advantage for the Jain community. It meant a tighter bond in the Jain community and as such a greater chance to endure the vicissitudes of life that befall them.
In addition, ahimsa, as championed by Jain teachers throughout history, is notable for why Jainism has been so fruitful on Indian soil. According to the author, ahimsa sets Jainism apart from the other traditions of the land. It defines this religion. Other traditions in India, Jaini suggests, look to the Jain’s principle of ahimsa as a morally uplifting concept that they can admire and aspire to.
The second major area of interest for me was the biography of Mahavira. Prior to reading this I was familiar with the basic sketch of this teacher’s life. Yet, Jaini added such detail to Mahavira’s profile in his opening chapter, filling it with specifics most scholars only slightly gloss over, that one cannot help but be struck with the incredible similarities between the life of Mahavira and Buddha. While perhaps not the intention of the author of this book (in fact, Buddha is only occasionally discussed), the reader, if somewhat knowledgeable of the biography of Buddha, may be astonished with the obvious parallel sagas between these two religious leaders. In fact, one might even wonder, as some scholars have in the past, whether one account was the source for the other. Despite the argument that Mahavira slightly predated Buddha historically, in the retelling of their personal stories many years later one would not know necessarily which biographical story fed the other.
Let us examine some of these striking resemblances. Both teachers, though born in different areas in South Asia (Buddha from Nepal and Mahavira from what is now Bihar, India), are from the same epoch with miraculous accounts of their conceptions. In the case of Mahavira, according to Svetambara literature, he was first conceived by a Brahmin couple and then transferred to the womb of Trisala, a Kshatriya. She knew her son inside her to be special, having experiences 14 dreams or visions including one with an elephant. These were signs the child to be would be strong and virtuous. Buddha too was born to Kshatriya parents. Most think this was a conscious way for the two traditions to separate themselves from Vedic Brahmins. When Buddha’s mother, Maya, conceived him she too had the white elephant dream, indicating an auspicious event took place. These children, it was predicted, would be leaders either in the temporal or spiritual realms.
Throughout their childhood each were raised in quite plush environments. In their 20s it is claimed both married and had one child (the Svetambara Jains argue this while the Digambaras say Mahavira was celibate his whole life). It is in the next stage in their lives, around the age of 29 or 30, that stories are told about how the gods conspired to wake them up to their religious calling. While Buddha’s family did not at first embrace his religious quest (going as far as to prevent him from seeing the hardships of life and hence question its meaning), in the Svetambara version Mahavira’s parents passed away before his spiritual journey and in the Digambara account this teacher’s parents enthusiastically approved of his religious pursuits. In the beginning of their holy adventure they cut or pulled out their hair and practiced strict asceticism. Mahavira continued on the ascetical path his entire life, yet Buddha eventually rejected it in favor of moderation.
Though the enlightenment experience of Buddha is quite detailed in the Buddhist literature, the specifics of Mahavira’s awakening and moment of omniscience are a bit sparse. What is interesting, however, is that there are analogous accounts of Mahavira and Buddha being awakened/enlightened near or under a tree. For Buddha it is the Bodhi tree and for Mahavira it is an Ashoka tree. Although there are other similar events in their lives, including the name of one of their ardent disciples, Ananda, their deaths lack some correlation. Buddha lived 80 years and died of some type of food poisoning (perhaps from poisoned mushrooms) whereas Mahavira lived 72 years and died of self-starvation (in Jainism it is referred to as sallekhanavrata, or holy death). Nonetheless, Mahavira and the Buddha are 6th century BCE heroes sharing so many remarkable life events. One can certainly speculate if one biography helped fuel some of the particulars of the other.
Overall, Jaini’s scholarly work is a necessary text to add to one’s library on Jainism. Though somewhat dense for the average reader, one walks away with a much more thorough understanding of this fascinating tradition and its religious leader. Jainism is presented here, as the title of the book indicates, as a “path of purification” and as such one that offers profound hope to its aspirants.
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Well written scholarly book
By Chakresh
This is one of the best written books on Jainism written by a professor at Berkeley, who is an expert in Jainism as well as Buddhism.
The book is very well organized and carefully researched.
Unlike many other books, this is written by an actual expert.
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